Indicative economic multipliers (input-output tables)
Contents
Standard shorthand is used in this table: [z] = not applicable.
| Data values | Data description | Year | Sector | Multiplier or effect type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.31 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | A01: Crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.37 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | A01: Crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.27 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | A02: Forestry and logging | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.36 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | A02: Forestry and logging | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.18 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | A03: Fishing and aquaculture | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.27 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | A03: Fishing and aquaculture | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.36 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | B: Mining and quarrying | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.45 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | B: Mining and quarrying | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.29 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C10-12: Manufacture of food products, beverages and tobacco products | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.38 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C10-12: Manufacture of food products, beverages and tobacco products | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.16 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C13-15: Manufacture of textiles, wearing apparel and leather products | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.25 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C13-15: Manufacture of textiles, wearing apparel and leather products | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.26 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C16: Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.35 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C16: Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.38 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C17: Manufacture of paper and paper products | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.48 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C17: Manufacture of paper and paper products | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.26 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C18: Printing and reproduction of recorded media | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.42 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C18: Printing and reproduction of recorded media | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.10 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C19-20: Manufacture of chemical, coke and refined petroleum products | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.13 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C19-20: Manufacture of chemical, coke and refined petroleum products | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.19 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C21: Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.26 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C21: Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.21 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C22: Manufacture of rubber and plastic products | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.35 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C22: Manufacture of rubber and plastic products | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.19 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C23: Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.25 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C23: Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.28 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C24: Manufacture of basic metals | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.38 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C24: Manufacture of basic metals | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.17 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C25: Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.32 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C25: Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.11 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C26: Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.21 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C26: Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.25 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C27: Manufacture of electrical equipment | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.36 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C27: Manufacture of electrical equipment | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.16 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C28: Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.27 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C28: Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.15 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C29-30: Manufacture of motor vehicles and other transport equipment | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.22 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C29-30: Manufacture of motor vehicles and other transport equipment | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.15 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C31-33: Manufacture of furniture and other manufacturing; repair and installation of machinery and equipment | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.24 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | C31-33: Manufacture of furniture and other manufacturing; repair and installation of machinery and equipment | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.28 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | D35: Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.33 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | D35: Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.21 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | E36-37: Water collection, treatment and supply; sewerage | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.28 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | E36-37: Water collection, treatment and supply; sewerage | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.44 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | E38-39: Waste collection, treatment and disposal activities; materials recovery; remediation activities and other waste management services | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.55 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | E38-39: Waste collection, treatment and disposal activities; materials recovery; remediation activities and other waste management services | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.44 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | F: Construction | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.55 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | F: Construction | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.14 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | G: Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.30 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | G: Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.25 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | H49: Land transport and transport via pipelines | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.40 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | H49: Land transport and transport via pipelines | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.22 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | H50-52: Other transport; warehouse and supporting activities | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.36 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | H50-52: Other transport; warehouse and supporting activities | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.22 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | H53: Postal and courier activities | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.37 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | H53: Postal and courier activities | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.23 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | I: Accommodation and food service activities | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.39 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | I: Accommodation and food service activities | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.14 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | J58: Publishing activities | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.29 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | J58: Publishing activities | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.58 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | J59-60: Motion picture, video and television programme production, sound recording and music publishing activities; programming and broadcasting activities | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.68 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | J59-60: Motion picture, video and television programme production, sound recording and music publishing activities; programming and broadcasting activities | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.11 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | J61: Telecommunications | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.22 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | J61: Telecommunications | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.08 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | J62-63: Computer programming, consultancy and related activities; information service activities | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.33 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | J62-63: Computer programming, consultancy and related activities; information service activities | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.22 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | K: Financial & insurance activities | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.32 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | K: Financial & insurance activities | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.06 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | L68A: Imputed rents of owner-occupied dwellings | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.07 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | L68A: Imputed rents of owner-occupied dwellings | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.28 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | L68B: Real estate activities excluding imputed rents | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.35 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | L68B: Real estate activities excluding imputed rents | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.13 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | M69-70: Legal and accounting activities; activities of head offices; management consultancy activities | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.35 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | M69-70: Legal and accounting activities; activities of head offices; management consultancy activities | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.15 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | M71: Architectural and engineering activities; technical testing and analysis | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.30 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | M71: Architectural and engineering activities; technical testing and analysis | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.36 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | M72: Scientific research and development | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.43 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | M72: Scientific research and development | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.17 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | M73: Advertising and market research | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.31 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | M73: Advertising and market research | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.09 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | M74-75: Other professional, scientific and technical activities; veterinary activities | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.22 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | M74-75: Other professional, scientific and technical activities; veterinary activities | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.14 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | N77: Rental and leasing activities | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.22 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | N77: Rental and leasing activities | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.14 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | N78: Employment activities | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.36 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | N78: Employment activities | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.29 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | N79: Travel agency, tour operator reservation service and related activities | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.39 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | N79: Travel agency, tour operator reservation service and related activities | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.14 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | N80-82: Security and investigation activities; services to buildings and landscape activities; office administrative, office support and other business support activities | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.32 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | N80-82: Security and investigation activities; services to buildings and landscape activities; office administrative, office support and other business support activities | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.23 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | O84: Public administration and defence; compulsory social security | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.41 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | O84: Public administration and defence; compulsory social security | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.15 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | P85: Education | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.37 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | P85: Education | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.17 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | Q86: Human health activities | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.38 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | Q86: Human health activities | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.23 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | Q87-88: Social work activities | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.42 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | Q87-88: Social work activities | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
| 1.24 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | R90-92: Creative, arts and entertainment activities; libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities; gambling and betting activities | Type I (direct and indirect effects) |
| 1.36 | Multiplier (Output) | 2019 | R90-92: Creative, arts and entertainment activities; libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities; gambling and betting activities | Type II (direct, indirect and induced effects) |
Main information
- Most recent update
- 15 October 2025
- Next update expected
- April 2026
- Designation
- Official statistics in development
- Data provider 1
- Welsh Government
- Data source 1
- Supply and use tables and input-output tables
- Data provider 2
- Office for National Statistics (ONS)
- Data source 2
- Business Register Employment Survey (BRES)
- Data provider 3
- Office for National Statistics (ONS)
- Data source 3
- Labour Force Survey (LFS)
- Data provider 4
- Welsh Government
- Data source 4
- June Agricultural Survey
- Time period covered
- January 2019 to December 2019
Data notes
Overview
- Summary of dataset and variables
This dataset includes output, Gross Value Added (GVA), and employment multipliers and effects to accompany the input-output tables for Wales.
Multipliers and effects can be used to estimate the direct and indirect impact of a change in industry output using a range of economic (and non-economic) metrics.
This dataset includes Type I and Type II multipliers for output, GVA, and employment. Both types capture direct and indirect effects, while Type II multipliers also account for induced effects resulting from changes in employment income. Further explanation of these concepts is provided in the supporting statistical article.
Users interested in deriving their own Leontief matrix may find the output, GVA, and employment figures presented in the dataset useful. Employment figures are particularly important, as they cannot be derived from the input-output table alone. The total employed workforce for the input-output sectors cannot be directly estimated from published ONS or Welsh Government data sources either.
- Data collection or calculation
The multipliers and effects presented in this dataset are derived using the input-output tables for Wales. An outline methodology detailing how the tables are constructed is available on the Welsh Government website.
The method for producing output, GVA, and employment multipliers broadly follows the approach outlined in Miller and Blair (2019) (Cambridge University Press).
An important detail in the Type II methodology is the way household expenditure coefficients are calculated. Instead of dividing household consumption expenditure by the column total, we divide it by total household income from all sources. For 2019, the denominator used was £77,606 million, which is the sum of primary and secondary resources from the ONS Regional Gross Disposable Household Income publication.
This approach aligns with the methodology used by the Scottish Government.
This adjustment reflects the fact that not all household consumption is funded by earned income. A significant share comes from unearned income such as pensions, dividends, and other transfers. Including these sources in the feedback loop would artificially inflate the effect of earned income in generating further rounds of household spending.
The full-time equivalent (FTE) employment estimates presented in this dataset should only be used for input-output analysis. Estimates of employee numbers are derived using the Business Register and Employment Survey (BRES). These are supplemented with data on self-employment and HM Forces jobs in Wales from NOMIS Workforce Jobs. Employment estimates for agriculture are taken directly from the Welsh Government's Survey of Agriculture and Horticulture. A simple 0.5 weight is applied to part-time workers to derive full-time equivalents.
Further information on the methodology used can be found in the supporting statistical article.
- Statistical quality
Input-output analysis using multipliers is a form of partial equilibrium modelling. Changes in the structure of the supply side of the economy are not modelled. This has several important implications that should be considered when interpreting the data.
It is important to note that the multipliers presented here will tend to overstate indirect impacts, but by an unknown amount. Multiplier analysis using the input-output tables works best when the impacts are relatively small compared to the size of the relevant supplying industries (and their workforces).
Further information on data quality, methodology, and guidance on appropriate use can be found in the supporting statistical article. Users are highly encouraged to consult this document before undertaking any analysis using the data.
The multipliers and effects are underpinned by the Input-Output tables for Wales. As official statistics in development, there are areas in the compilation process where the data is less robust. These limitations are highlighted in the outline methodology published on the Welsh Government website.
Published by
- Organisation
- Welsh Government
- Contact email
- inputoutputtables@gov.wales