Indicative economic multipliers (input-output tables)
Next update expected:April 2026
Updates
- 15th October 2025
- Dataset first published.
Main information
- Designation
- Official statistics in development
- Data provider 1
- Welsh Government
- Data source 1
- Supply and use tables and input-output tables
- Data provider 2
- Office for National Statistics (ONS)
- Data source 2
- Business Register Employment Survey (BRES)
- Data provider 3
- Office for National Statistics (ONS)
- Data source 3
- Labour Force Survey (LFS)
- Data provider 4
- Welsh Government
- Data source 4
- June Agricultural Survey
- Time period covered
- January 2019 to December 2019
Overview
- Summary of dataset and variables
This dataset includes output, Gross Value Added (GVA), and employment multipliers and effects to accompany the input-output tables for Wales.
Multipliers and effects can be used to estimate the direct and indirect impact of a change in industry output using a range of economic (and non-economic) metrics.
This dataset includes Type I and Type II multipliers for output, GVA, and employment. Both types capture direct and indirect effects, while Type II multipliers also account for induced effects resulting from changes in employment income. Further explanation of these concepts is provided in the supporting statistical article.
Users interested in deriving their own Leontief matrix may find the output, GVA, and employment figures presented in the dataset useful. Employment figures are particularly important, as they cannot be derived from the input-output table alone. The total employed workforce for the input-output sectors cannot be directly estimated from published ONS or Welsh Government data sources either.
- Data collection or calculation
The multipliers and effects presented in this dataset are derived using the input-output tables for Wales. An outline methodology detailing how the tables are constructed is available on the Welsh Government website.
The method for producing output, GVA, and employment multipliers broadly follows the approach outlined in Miller and Blair (2019) (Cambridge University Press).
An important detail in the Type II methodology is the way household expenditure coefficients are calculated. Instead of dividing household consumption expenditure by the column total, we divide it by total household income from all sources. For 2019, the denominator used was £77,606 million, which is the sum of primary and secondary resources from the ONS Regional Gross Disposable Household Income publication.
This approach aligns with the methodology used by the Scottish Government.
This adjustment reflects the fact that not all household consumption is funded by earned income. A significant share comes from unearned income such as pensions, dividends, and other transfers. Including these sources in the feedback loop would artificially inflate the effect of earned income in generating further rounds of household spending.
The full-time equivalent (FTE) employment estimates presented in this dataset should only be used for input-output analysis. Estimates of employee numbers are derived using the Business Register and Employment Survey (BRES). These are supplemented with data on self-employment and HM Forces jobs in Wales from NOMIS Workforce Jobs. Employment estimates for agriculture are taken directly from the Welsh Government's Survey of Agriculture and Horticulture. A simple 0.5 weight is applied to part-time workers to derive full-time equivalents.
Further information on the methodology used can be found in the supporting statistical article.
- Statistical quality
Input-output analysis using multipliers is a form of partial equilibrium modelling. Changes in the structure of the supply side of the economy are not modelled. This has several important implications that should be considered when interpreting the data.
It is important to note that the multipliers presented here will tend to overstate indirect impacts, but by an unknown amount. Multiplier analysis using the input-output tables works best when the impacts are relatively small compared to the size of the relevant supplying industries (and their workforces).
Further information on data quality, methodology, and guidance on appropriate use can be found in the supporting statistical article. Users are highly encouraged to consult this document before undertaking any analysis using the data.
The multipliers and effects are underpinned by the Input-Output tables for Wales. As official statistics in development, there are areas in the compilation process where the data is less robust. These limitations are highlighted in the outline methodology published on the Welsh Government website.
Published by
- Organisation
- Welsh Government
- Contact email
- inputoutputtables@gov.wales