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Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation (WIMD) 2019 indicator data by Lower layer Super Output Area (LSOA) and local authority: physical environment domain

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Next update expected:This dataset is not expected to be updated or replaced in the future

Updates

20th January 2026
Dataset first published.

Main information

Designation
Accredited official statistics
Data provider 1
Natural Resources Wales
Data source 1
National Flood Risk Assessment data
Data provider 2
Ordnance Survey
Data source 2
No specific source from data provider
Data provider 3
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Data source 3
No specific source from data provider

Overview

Summary of dataset and variables

Note: this is not the latest release in the series, for latest data go to Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation (WIMD) 2025 results report.

The 2019 edition ranked all 1,909 Lower Layer Super Output Areas (LSOAs defined after Census 2011) from most (rank 1) to least (rank 1,909) deprived. It combines 47 indicators grouped under 8 domains which have the following weights in the overall index: Income (22%), Employment (22%), Health (15%), Education (14%), Access to Services (10%), Housing (7%), Community Safety (5%), and Physical Environment (5%).

The data here is for the underlying indicators that feed into the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2019.

This table contains data for the 6 indicators that form the physical environment domain. All indicators are rounded to one decimal place except for ambient green space score indicator which is rounded to 3 decimal places.

Local authority indicator estimates have been produced where the original data allows for aggregating to geographies above LSOA level. Where this is not possible for a given indicator, local authority data entries will display [x] in the Data column.

Data collection or calculation

The purpose of this domain is to measure factors in the local area that may impact on the wellbeing or quality of life of those living in an area. The domain has a relative weight of 5% in the overall index.

The physical environment domain is made up of three sub-domains weighted as follows:

  • 40% Air Quality (three indicators)
  • 40% Flood Risk (one indicator)
  • 20% Green Space (two indicators)

There have been several methodological changes to the physical environment domain between WIMD 2014 and WIMD 2019. A full list of the changes is outlined below. In WIMD 2014, the Air Quality sub-domain comprised two indicators – Air Concentrations and Air Emissions – that were calculated using a combination of concentration data for a range of pollutants and Air Quality Management Areas. The sub-domain has been simplified for WIMD 2019 and now comprises three indicators based on the population weighted average concentration values of the following key pollutants:

  • Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
  • Particulates < 10 µm (PM10)
  • Particulates < 2.5 µm (PM2.5)

A Green Space sub-domain has been included in WIMD 2019 instead of the Proximity to Waste Disposal and Industrial Sites sub-domain. This sub-domain is comprised of two indicators:

  • Proximity to accessible, natural green space – measuring the proportion of households within 300 metres of an accessible, natural green space, and
  • Ambient green space score – measuring the mean household Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI).

The Flood Risk sub-domain for WIMD 2019 has been sourced from the Flood Risk Assessment Wales (FRAW) dataset developed and provided by Natural Resources Wales (NRW). This data includes information on flood risk from rivers, the sea and surface water flooding. This is a change from WIMD 2014 where the Flood Risk sub-domain calculation did not include surface water flooding.

Air Quality indicators

The Air Quality sub-domain comprises three separate indicators measuring concentrations of key pollutants. They are created using measurements of pollutants that could have negative effects on 45 human health and/or the environment, based on the best medical and scientific understanding, and are proposed as a proxy measure of the quality of the surrounding environment. Poor air quality suggests proximity to certain activities such as traffic, domestic combustion and industrial sites – activities that could have a negative impact on quality of life, the local environment and health.

Statistical quality

The WIMD 2019 data have been produced by professional statisticians using the latest data, rigorous analytical methods, and independent validation at every stage. WIMD 2019 builds on previous versions to ensure accuracy and reliability, combining 47 indicators from diverse sources (some but not all are based on official statistics sources) to minimize bias and strengthen robustness. Quality assurance included multiple checks, replication of results, and expert review with domain specialists and local authorities.

Related reports

Published by

Organisation
Welsh Government
Contact email
statsinclusion@gov.wales