Indicative economic multipliers, 2022 (input-output tables)

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Next update expected:This dataset is not expected to be updated, but is expected to be replaced in the future

Updates

23rd July 2026
Dataset first published.

Main information

Designation
Official statistics in development
Data provider 1
Welsh Government
Data source 1
June Agricultural Survey
Data provider 2
Welsh Government
Data source 2
Supply and use tables and input-output tables
Data provider 3
Office for National Statistics (ONS)
Data source 3
Labour Force Survey (LFS)
Data provider 4
Office for National Statistics (ONS)
Data source 4
Business Register Employment Survey (BRES)
Time period covered
January 2022 to December 2022
Dataset ID
f6c539e8-8fd6-4b7d-9062-39ab1fc70b10

Overview

Summary of dataset and variables

What are multipliers and effects

Multipliers and effects can be used to estimate the direct and indirect impact of a change in industry output using a range of economic (and non-economic) metrics.

What’s in this dataset

This dataset includes Type 1 and Type 2 multipliers for output, GVA, and employment.

Both types capture direct and indirect effects, while Type 2 multipliers also account for induced effects resulting from changes in employment income.

What you need to know

Multipliers and effects rely on several simplifying assumptions that users should understand before applying the results in analysis. Users are highly encouraged to consult the supporting statistical article which outlines these assumptions.

Data collection or calculation

How are the multipliers calculated

The multipliers and effects presented in this dataset are derived using the input-output tables for Wales. A methodology report detailing how the tables are constructed is available on the Welsh Government website.

The method for producing output, GVA, and employment multipliers broadly follows the approach outlined in Miller and Blair (2019) (Cambridge University Press).

A note on induced effects

An important detail in the Type 2 methodology is the way household expenditure coefficients are calculated.

Instead of dividing household consumption expenditure by the column total, we divide it by total household income from all sources. For 2022, the denominator used was £89,095 million, which is the sum of primary and secondary resources from the ONS Regional Gross Disposable Household Income publication.

This adjustment reflects the fact that not all household consumption is funded by earned income. A significant share comes from unearned income such as pensions, dividends, and other transfers. Including these sources in the feedback loop would artificially inflate the effect of earned income in generating further rounds of household spending.

A note on employment estimates

The full-time equivalent (FTE) employment estimates presented in this dataset should only be used for input-output analysis.

Estimates of employee numbers are derived using the Business Register and Employment Survey (BRES) (ONS). These are supplemented with data on self-employment and HM Forces jobs in Wales from NOMIS Workforce Jobs. Employment estimates for agriculture are taken directly from the Welsh Government's Survey of Agriculture and Horticulture.

A simple 0.5 weight is applied to part-time workers to derive full-time equivalents.

Statistical quality

How these tables compare with earlier releases

These multipliers and effects should not be compared with the 2019 release, as the methods and data sources which underpin the input-output tables have been substantially revised.

What are the key limitations

Input-output analysis using multipliers is a form of partial equilibrium modelling. Changes in the structure of the supply side of the economy are not modelled. This has several important implications that should be considered when interpreting the data.

It is important to note that the multipliers presented here will tend to overstate indirect impacts, but by an unknown amount. Multiplier analysis using the input-output tables works best when the impacts are relatively small compared to the size of the relevant supplying industries (and their workforces).

Further information on data quality, methodology, and guidance on appropriate use can be found in the supporting statistical article. Users are highly encouraged to consult this document before undertaking any analysis using the data.

The multipliers and effects are underpinned by the Input-Output tables for Wales. As official statistics in development, there are areas in the compilation process where the data is less robust. These limitations are detailed in the methodology report published on the Welsh Government website.

Related reports

Published by

Organisation
Welsh Government
Contact email
inputoutputtables@gov.wales